{"id":1248,"date":"2017-10-31T18:29:12","date_gmt":"2017-10-31T10:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cgvisual.com\/CGVSpace\/?p=1248"},"modified":"2017-11-01T13:14:55","modified_gmt":"2017-11-01T05:14:55","slug":"%e6%89%8b%e5%a1%9a%e6%b2%bb%e8%99%ab%e5%92%8c%e6%97%a5%e6%9c%ac%e5%8b%95%e7%95%ab%e8%a3%bd%e4%bd%9c-osamu-tezuka-and-the-production-model-of-anime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cgvisual.com\/CGVSpace\/archives\/1248","title":{"rendered":"\u624b\u585a\u6cbb\u866b\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u52d5\u756b\u88fd\u4f5c\/\/ Osamu Tezuka and the Production Model of Anime"},"content":{"rendered":"

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*\u00a0\u9806\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\uff0cUA \u6232\u9662\u5e74\u5e95\u5373\u5c07\u8209\u8fa6\u624b\u585a\u6cbb\u866b\u56de\u9867\u5f71\u5c55\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u90fd\u5728\u56de\u9867\u4e4b\u5217 \uff01 \u56de\u9867\u5f71\u5c55\u8a73\u60c5\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uacinehub\/posts\/1750140118332072<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u3010Osamu Tezuka and the Production Model of Anime\u3011<\/p>\n

Aside from his legacy in the comics field, Tezuka’s animation works and production theory also deserves praise and attention.<\/p>\n

In 1961, Tezuka founded the production company Mushi Productions.<\/p>\n

That was a time when European and American animations dominated the field, prominent creators like Walt Disney Productions involve high costs to produce one animated film. This mode of production is risky and requires large amounts of money, man power and time, and can easily bankrupt a studio with one production.<\/p>\n

As a small independent studio, Mushi Productions did not have access to the same amount of resources as Disney or Toei. However, Tezuka is a firm believer that: “A good story can save poor animation, where good animation cannot save a poor story.”<\/p>\n

Thus, to look for a sustainable way to run the studio, and also to give its team enough room for narrative experiment and internal character exploration, he actively looked for ways to lower production costs, taking methods from independent animated films into a commercial production:
\n\uff081\uff09He adopted a form of limited animation – animating only when absolutely necessary, using as few as 10 frames per second on occasion. He also set up systems for economic lip syncing and blinking – three frames for one blink, three frames for one mouth movement. In the meantime, he compensated with economy of motion that shows subtlety of emotion and frantic action.
\n\uff082\uff09He constructed action sequences in a multi-functional way, and filed away every animation cell produced in a large stock image bank for future use. This way, in future productions, they can save on those resources for similar frames and use it instead to create new animated cells.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

Because of lowered production costs, the studio has more time and freedom to experiment artistically. Artistic and experimental films from lyrical works like “Tales of the Street Corner” (\u3042\u308b\u8857\u89d2\u306e\u7269\u8a9e) to adult-oriented pieces like “A Thousand and One Nights” (\u5343\u591c\u4e00\u591c\u7269\u8a9e) and “Belladonna of Sadness” (\u54c0\u3057\u307f\u306e\u30d9\u30e9\u30c9\u30f3\u30ca) would be hard to produce under the big budget Hollywood production model.<\/p>\n

Tezuka’s economic production model has a huge effect on anime production, many of his methods are still in use to this day. He definitely played a large part to Japanese animation dominating the world stage along American animation today, with American productions adopting the big budget, big cast model, and Japanese studios opting for small budget, fast production method.<\/p>\n

Tezuka’s model is not without faults however. In “Managing the unmanageable: Emotional labour and creative hierarchy in the Japanese animation industry”, Tomohiro Morisawa says Tezuka “proposed an unrealistically suppressed production budget… in an attempt to outbid his competitors”. This budget leads to the studio’s (and industry’s) low profitability, and hence an unsustainable business model. Mushi Production was plagued by financial difficulties in later years, until declaring bankruptcy and closing in 1973.<\/p>\n

Hayao Miyazaki also once criticised Tezuka for being the main cause of anime’s self constraints, resulting in many conventions that the subsequent creators hesitate to break out of. But this is another topic for another day~<\/p>\n

Speaking of which, UA CineHub will be holding a film retrospective of\u00a0Osamu Tezuka for his 90th birth anniversary – some of the films mentioned in this article will also be screened there if any of you are interested in catching them in the cinemas!\u00a0https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uacinehub\/posts\/1750140118332072<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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